In yes-no questions, V1 (verb-first) word order is used: the finite verb occupies the first position in the sentence; this time, there is no prefield. imaginable degree, area of Like in English, nouns or non-finite verb forms can sometimes be used to give commands: Subordinate clauses use Vfinal word order. ', sie schrieb es nieder sodass sie es nicht vergess-en würd-e, she.NOM write.PRET.3SG it.ACC down so.that she.NOM it.ACC not forget.INF will.SUBJII-3SG, 'She wrote it down so that she would not forget it. Conjunctions are the words we use to connect clauses to give us longer, more complex sentences. There are two varieties. They take their gender and number from the noun which they modify, but the case from their function in their own clause. The genitive case of a relative pronoun matching the outer nominal phrase in gender and number is used. Some examples of conjunctions: als, während, nachdem, weil. I.NOM see.PRS-1SG the.ACC.SG.M tree.ACC.SG, the.ACC.SG.M tree.ACC.SG see.PRS-3SG I.NOM, du siehst den Fluss und ich seh-e den Baum, you.SG see.PRS.2SG the.ACC.SG.M river.ACC.SG and I.NOM see.PRS.3SG the.ACC.SG.M tree.ACC.SG, the.NOM.SG.M king.NOM.SG DEM.NOM.SG.M see.PST.3SG the.ACC.SG.M river.ACC.SG. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? However, conjunctions and topicalised elements still precede the finite verb: but have.PRS.3SG you.SG the.ACC.SG.M tree.ACC.SG PST.PTCP1-see-PST.PTCP1, the.ACC.SG.M tree.ACC.SG have.PRS.3SG you.SG DEM.ACC.SG.M PST.PTCP1-see-PST.PTCP1. Subordinate clauses beginning with dass [thus, so, that] enable the speaker to use statements like nominal phrases or pronouns. However this doesn't mean they generally neglect the subclause word order, since other conjunctions meaning the same, i. e. da "as" or even a "deswegen weil" (literally: because of that because) take ordinary subclauses even there. Historically this is related to English that. Declarative sentences use V2 word order: the finite verb is preceded by one and only one constituent (unlike in English, this need not be the subject); in Germanic tradition, the position occupied by this constituent is referred to as the Vorfeld 'prefield'. These sentences are singular, neuter and either nominative or accusative. Perfect constructions of this type can usually be avoided altogether by using the simple past: Just as in English, a subordinate clause may be used at the beginning or end of a complete expression, so long as it is paired with at least one independent clause. © copyright 2003-2020 Study.com. For example: Whereas the word dass indicates that the statement is a fact, ob starts an indirect yes/no question. Here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions followed by some more examples to help clarify the structure: You now know how to add two independent clauses using either a coordinating conjunction or a subordinating conjunction to create a complex German sentence. Create your account, Already registered? We then have the subordinating conjunction (obwohl) with the dependent clause following to complete the sentence. For commands, the imperative mood is used. If the relative pronoun refers to a thing as yet unknown or a whole sentence and not a part of it, was is used instead, always equivalent here to an English "which". For example, Mein Name ist Sam (My name is Sam) and Ich bin 18 Jahre alt (I'm 18 years old) are both independent clauses. Denn, by custom translated into English as for, is in practice just an equivalent to weil "because", but it requires a main-clause word-order and may even take a semicolon instead of a comma. Such constructions are generally avoided by using forms of welch- as relative pronouns. "on-came") on the castle. Alternatively, particularly in formal registers, participles (both active and passive) can be used to embed relative clauses in adjectival phrases: Unlike English, which only permits relatively small participle phrases in adjectival positions (typically just the participle and adverbs), and disallows the use of direct objects for active participles, German sentences of this sort can embed clauses of arbitrary complexity. Note, however, that in German when the independent clause comes after a subordinate clause the conjugated verb comes before the subject. In the midfield (the part of the clause between the position of the finite verb and that of the clause-final verb cluster), German word order is highly variable. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Anyone can earn Select a subject to preview related courses: In this example, obwohl is at the beginning but is still followed by the dependent clause then a comma then the independent clause. Coordinating conjunctions like und 'and' or aber 'but' precede both the prefield and the finite verb, and so do topicalised elements (similarly to the 'that' in English 'That I don't know').
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