[16], Species within the genus Penicillium do not generally cause disease in humans. [19] This presence is suggested to be due to the intake of contaminated fruits and/or breathing air contaminated with extracellular polysaccharide. [1][25][26], Penicillium digitatum can be identified in the laboratory using a variety of methods. [1][2] The mechanism of P. digitatum resistance to imazalil is suggested to lie in the over-expression of the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) protein caused by a 199 base-pair insertion into the promoter region of the CYP51 gene and/or by duplications of the CYP51 gene. [1][2] They are 6–15 μm long and are produced in chains, with the youngest at the base of each chain. [11] The synonym M. digitata can also be found in the writings of Elias Magnus Fries in Systema mycologicum (1832). The effective dose (ED 50) concentrations to inhibit the germination of P. digitatum spores of sodium carbonate (SC), potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate (SBC), ammonium bicarbonate, and potassium bicarbonate were 5.0, 6.2, 14.1, 16.4, and 33.4 mM, respectively. [1] Molecular methods can also aid with identification. [7] Transmission can occur mechanically or via conidial dispersal in water or air to fruit surfaces. ST=mg�k?������ZM��@��;5�C]�Ѕ7���qH���#��Ue@Vj�.�i��!A Ίzˑ�\;4����c;&�ځΞ'�u:���� ��{�.g���t�. [1][2] It is only within these species that P. digitatum can complete its life cycle as a necrotroph. [8] In terms of carbon nutrition, maltose, acetic acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid support little, if any, growth. [1][8][9], Penicillium digitatum is a species within the Ascomycota division of Fungi. %���� Search for more papers by this author. [12] However, the current binomial name comes from the writings of Pier Andrea Saccardo, particularly Fungi italici autographie delineati et colorati (1881). Green Mold Post Harvest. [3][7] Fallen fruit can also be susceptible to P. digitatum infections as has been noted in Israel, where P. digitatum infects fallen fruit more than P. On Czapek Yeast Extract Agar medium at 25 °C, white colonies grow in a plane, attaining a velvety to deeply floccose texture with colony sizes that are 33–35 mm in diameter. [1][6][7] However, P. digitatum can also be cultivated in the laboratory setting. [1] During development, the conidiophore can branch into three rami to produce a terverticillate structure although biverticillate and other irregular structures are often observed. In many foods, mold invades deep within the food—not just on the surface. Postharvest green mold, which is the main factor resulting in citrus fruit decay, leads to huge economic losses worldwide every year and can [3] The centre of the mycelial mass eventually turns olive as conidial production begins. [24], Resistance to common fungicides is currently combated through the use of other chemicals. [14], Penicillium digitatum can also grow on a variety of laboratory media. [1] In comparison to other detection assays, the latex agglutionation assay exceeds the detection limit of the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and is as effective in detecting Aspergillus and Pencillium species as the ergosterol production assay. italicum. [1][23] In addition, P. digitatum has also been observed to modify plant defense mechanisms, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, in the citrus fruits it infects. [1], Penicillium digitatum is found in the soil of areas cultivating citrus fruit, predominating in high temperature regions. [15] Production of mycotoxins or secondary metabolites by P. digitatum has not been observed although this species has been shown to be toxic to both shrimp and chicken embryos. [1] Latex agglutination detects Aspergillus and Penicillium species in foods by attaching antibodies specific for the extracellular polysaccharide of P. digitatum to 0.8 μm latex beads. [3] Injuries can also be caused by other events such as frost and insect bites, and can be as minor as damage to fruit skin oil glands. [1] After 14 days at room temperature, the reverse is colourless to light brown. [1][13] The conidiophore is usually an asymmetrical, delicate structure with smooth, thin walls. [1] The reverse of the plate is similar to that observed for Czapek Yeast Extract Agar medium. [13] Apples have also been infected to a limited extent. According to the USDA, soft fruits and vegetables with high moisture content, such as an orange, can be contaminated below the surface. [8], Control of green mould initially relies on the proper handling of fruit before, during and after harvesting. [10] As a species, P. digitatum was first noted as Aspergillus digitatus by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794 who later adopted the name Monilia digitata in Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801). For example, sodium o-phenylphenate-resistant strains are dealt with via formaldehyde fumigation while imazalil-resistant strains are controlled through the use of pyrimethanil, a fungicide also approved for fighting strains resistant to other fungicides. As the major postharvest disease of citrus fruit, postharvest green mold is caused by the necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd), which leads to huge economic losses worldwide. Green-mold decay of citrus fruit de- velops at a rate proportional to the tem- perature of the rind. Nutrient additives. [1], With respect to fungicidal tolerance, there are known strains of P. digitatum resistant to various commonly used fungicides. [1][3] With respect to water activity, P. digitatum has a relatively low tolerance for osmotic stress. It is actually a fungus that grows on the excretory secretions of insects, so if you can get rid of the insects, you can solve your mold problem. >> /Length 3985 [17] Various studies have also noted a presence of circulating antibodies to the extracellular polysaccharide of P. digitatum in both human and rabbit sera. [1], Penicillium digitatum is a mesophilic fungus, growing from 6–7 °C (43–45 °F) to a maximum of 37 °C (99 °F), with an optimal growth temperature at 24 °C (75 °F). [1][2] In nature, it is often found alongside the fruits it infects, making species within the genus Citrus its main ecosystem. [1], "Penicillium digitatum. [7] As a wound pathogen, the disease cycle begins when P. digitatum conidia germinate with release of water and nutrients from the site of injury on the fruit surface. stream [1] Low levels have also been noted in Southeast Asian peanuts, soybeans and sorghum. [7], Chemical control in the form of fungicides is also commonly used. [1] On Malt Extract Agar medium at 25 °C, growth is rapid yet rare, forming a velvety surface. [7][22] After infection at 24 °C, rapid growth ensues with active infection taking place within 48 hours and initial symptom onset occurring within 3 days. [2][3] Near the end of the disease cycle, the fruit eventually decreases in size and develops into an empty, dry shell. [2] At the distal end of each metula, conidium-bearing structures called phialides form. %PDF-1.5 [1] In Clementines and Valencia oranges, Candida oleophila, Pichia anomala and Candida famata have been shown to reduce disease. Green-mold decay of citrus fruit de- velops at a rate proportional to the tem- perature of the rind. Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatumis the most damaging postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. is considered to be the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit ( Droby et al., 2002 ), with up to 60–80% decay under suitable environment conditions ( Moscoso-Ramirez and Palou, 2013 ). << [7] Degreening practices can also be conducted at humidities above 92% in order to heal injuries.
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