In its elements, reciprocity is a system of voluntary exchange between individuals based on the understanding that the giving of a favour by one will in future be reciprocated either to the giver or to someone else. Programs designed to tap these other-regarding motives may succeed where others that offend underlying motivational structures have been abandoned. Assuming people are broadly prudent and risk-averse, then the insurance motive is consistent with conventional notions of self-interest. In so far as trust is dependent on an expected return, whether to the giver or someone else, whether now or in the future, there will be an obligation on the receiver, and in that sense it will not be a free association. . Bronislaw Malinowski, Claude Levi-Straus, Marcel Mauss, Marshall Sahlins and other anthropologists have shown the deep roots of reciprocity; Aristotle, Homer, Hobbes, and other political philosophers trace reciprocity from the Greeks as the base of our Western society; and Hegel, Adam Smith, Durkheim and Polanyi and other economists, describe reciprocity's relevance to the age we are in. The expectation that the giver will be repaid is based on trust and social consequences; that is, a "mooch" who accepts gifts and favors without ever giving himself will find it harder and harder to obtain those favors. The resulting egalitarian distribution of resources is not simply a byproduct of ecological or other constraints; it is deliberately sought. Patterns according to which distribution takes place, such as reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange, are referred to as. He differs in this from the self-regarding and outcome-oriented Homo economicus. It is the foundation of trust. Peer Production is a form of non-reciprocal exchange, but it can also be called "Generalized Reciprocity". Economic reasoning has invaded sociology, education, politics, ethics and the law. . The principle of reciprocity, while serving the community, does not provide for the freedom of the individual. Between people who engage in generalized reciprocity, there is a maximum amount of trust and a minimum amount of social distance. ", Moore termed the general ground plan he uncovered "the concept of reciprocity--or better, mutual obligation, a term that does not imply equality of burdens or obligations." "To him who gives shall be given." It is a conception that by no means excludes hierarchy and authority, where exceptional qualities and defects can be the source of enormous admiration and awe. What is exchanged in reciprocal transactions are not merely particular goods, services and favours, but more fundamentally the expression of good will and the assurance that one is prepared to help others. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_%28cultural_anthropology%29. Between people who engage in generalized reciprocity, there is a maximum amount of trust and a minimum amount of social distance. Making inferences from documents deposited in the Cairo Geniza, Greif argued that informal institutions regulated commerce amongst the Maghribi Jewish traders as they conducted long-distance trade with one another in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Consider first the historical evidence. On the contrary it obliges the individual to reciprocate at some point." The more one impoverishes himself in betterment of the community the more the community is beholden to the giver. It is thus distinct from the true gift, where no return is expected. Some users post videos expecting nothing in return, they do it because they know the community will appreciate it. But most people agree these mechanisms — kin selection and reciprocity — by themselves cannot sustain a cooperative equilibrium in much larger societies composed of strangers who may never interact more than once and are separated by great distances." From the Wikipedia article at Another form of reciprocity is moral reciprocity. So willingness to reciprocate is a basic signal of the sociability of an individual. This “indirect reciprocity” was in my opinion best illustrated by economist Avner Greif. (http://bostonreview.net/BR23.6/bowles.html). a general ground plan, a conception of what social relationships ought to be. TIP: The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)?oldid=62949. "In cultural anthropology and sociology, reciprocity is a way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour; that is, people's informal economic systems. Using data from forty-eight simple societies, Christopher Boehm concluded that they "may be considered to be intentional communities, groups of people that make up their minds about the amount of hierarchy they wish to live with and then see to it that the program is followed."
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