[17], Currently about 372 million people (around 5.7% of the world population) receive artificially-fluoridated water in about 24 countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Republic of Ireland, Malaysia, the U.S., and Vietnam. [169], In Chile 70.5% of the population receives fluoridated water (10.1 million added by chemical means, 604,000 naturally occurring). Now reverse osmosis plants are widely used. Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, Young PC, Hoff CJ, Buchi KF. In 2013–2014, the programme was brought under the National Rural Health Mission, which has so far covered 111 districts. [52], In 1998, 66% of Malaysians were getting fluoridated water. The programme includes surveillance of fluorosis in the community, training and manpower support, establishment of diagnostic facilities, treatment and health education. [88][89] The statutory instruments made in 1962–65 under the 1960 Act were separate for each local authority, setting the level of fluoride in drinking water to 0.8–1.0 ppm. Forster acknowledges this diagram as that of AJ Spencer. Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by country. The parliament majority said that there were other and better ways of reducing tooth decay than water fluoridation. Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh also has such habitations. Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay, and is handled differently by country. Taricska JR, Wang LK, Hung YT, Li KH. A 2009 study found that about 21% of water sources naturally contain fluoride to the recommended range of 0.3–0.6 ppm. [80][81] Water fluoridation was discontinued after the German reunification although still exists on some US military bases. In 2012, roughly 3.25 million people received artificially-fluoridated water. [113]:29 In the year 2004 the allowed amount of fluoride in the water was decreased to 1,5 mg/l. Treasure ET, Chestnutt IG, Whiting P, McDonagh M, Wilson P, Kleijnen J. Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y. Jones S, Burt BA, Petersen PE, Lennon MA. [31] Recent tests showed drinking water to have an average fluoride level of 0.48 mg/L, and a maximum of 0.69 mg/L.[32]. ", Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act, 1960, "S.I. [164] Ashburton and Greymouth also voted against fluoridation. Ryan's lawyers, including Richie Ryan (politician) worked on a pro bono basis and expenses were paid by fundraising. [99], A private member's bill to end fluoridation was defeated in the Dáil on 12 November 2013. Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, Young PC, Hoff CJ, Buchi KF. [122] In October 2014, Public Health England abandoned plans for water fluoridation for 195,000 people in Southampton and neighbouring parts of south-west Hampshire due to opposition from both Hampshire County Council and Southampton City Council. [168] A 1974 federal law required new or enlarged water treatment plants to have fluoridation, and its availability was greatly expanded in the 1980s, with optimum fluoridation levels set at 0.8 mg/L. [117][118], Around 14% of the population of the United Kingdom receives fluoridated water. There is also scientific evidence that fluoride in large amounts can lead to damage to health. [120], The South Central Strategic Health Authority carried out the first public consultation under the Water Act 2003, and in 2009 its board voted to fluoridate water supplies in the Southampton area to address the high incidence of tooth decay in children there. [citation needed], In 2004, following a public consultation, Scotland's parliament rejected proposals to fluoridate public drinking water. [97] Studies from the late 1970s to mid 1990s showed a decrease in (and lower incidence of) dental decay in school children living in areas where water was fluoridated than in areas where water was not fluoridated. In most areas of Marin, the natural concentration is 0.1 milligrams per liter. In Autumn 2014, Cork City Council, Dublin City Council and Kerry County Council passed similar motions. [53], In 2010, Bernama reported, "Principal Director (Oral Health) in the Health Ministry, Datuk Dr Norain Abu Taib said that only 75.5% of the country's population are enjoying the benefits of water fluoridation". [35] The maximum permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water in India is 1.2 mg/L,[36] and the government has been obligated to install fluoride removal plants of various technologies to reduce fluoride levels from industrial waste and mineral deposits. [30], All Hong Kong residents receive natural occurring fluoride in water,[23] at about half the traditionally-recommended fluoride level. [12] The World Health Organization states water fluoridation, when feasible and culturally acceptable, has substantial advantages, especially for subgroups at high risk,[7] while the European Commission finds no advantage to water fluoridation compared with topical use. ", Health (Fluoridation of Water Supplies) Act, 1960, "S.I. Brantford, Ontario, became the first city in Canada to fluoridate its water supplies in 1945. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. [citation needed] As of 2008, 3,351 municipalities (60.6%) had adopted fluoridation, up from 2,466 in 2000. Around 10% of the population[112] (4,250,000 people)[23] receive fluoridated water. The fluoridation reduced the number of cavities, but increased dental fluorosis; the fluoride levels could have been set too high, and low-quality equipment led to inconsistent, and often excessive, fluoride concentrations. [49] Instead, as of March 2010, a total of 7,479 schools and 777,596 preschool to junior high school children were participating in school-based fluoride mouth-rinsing programme (S-FMR), with an estimate of 2,000,000 children participating in 2020. [18], Many areas in China have fluoride at levels far higher than recommended due to natural occurrence or industrial contamination, which has resulted in high incidences of skeletal fluorosis. [151], The first town to fluoridate the water supply in Australia was Beaconsfield, Tasmania in 1953. [148] As of 2020 the federal maximum contaminant level for fluoride in public water systems remains at 4.0 mg/L, which had been promulgated by EPA in 1986. [131][132] The result of the vote was 50.3% voting against fluoridation. It was stopped in Prague in 1988 and subsequently in the whole country. Rotary International Club, Saratoga USA, helped to install 3 RO Plants in rural Alleppey. [154], The use of water fluoridation first began in Hastings, New Zealand in 1954. [73], There is no water fluoridation in Estonia. The Consultancy Bureau, Brisbane, 2005, p. 53. [109] Dutch authorities had no legal basis for adding chemicals to drinking water if they would not contribute to a sound water supply. WATER FLUORIDATION STATUS: PERCENT OF PEOPLE SERVED BY PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS THAT ARE FLUORIDATED: 2018: 92.5% – ranked #10 among the states.NOTE: The CDC also ranked Maryland as #10. Fluoridation in Marin County Does our water contain fluoride? [23] About 4% of the population may be exposed to excessive natural fluoride in drinking waters, and there are measures to remove excess fluoride. Toronto treats its water to 0.6 mg/L. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride. "[19] Many in the medical and dental communities in Israel criticized the decision as a mistake. Fluoride tablets were also provided. [86], In 1957, the Department of Health established a Fluorine Consultative Council which recommended fluoridation at 1.0 ppm of public water supplies, then accessed by approximately 50% of the population.
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